Some dramatically different approaches to EV batteries could see progress in 2023, though they will likely take longer to make a commercial impact. One advance to keep an eye on this year is in so-called solid-state batteries.
Electricity can be stored directly for a short time in capacitors, somewhat longer electrochemically in, and much longer chemically (e.g. hydrogen), mechanically (e.g. pumped hydropower) or as heat. The first pumped hydroelectricity was constructed at the end of the 19th century around in Italy, Austria, and Switzerland. The technique rapidly expanded during the 1960s to 1980s,.
While it's technically possible for you to connect a solar panel directly to an AC or DC water pump, it's not advisable to do so.
